A mercadoria que garante o ganha-pão de Guilherme Nogueira fica todos os dias, de segunda a sexta-feira, espalhada pelo chão de uma calçada na rua Uruguaiana, no centro da cidade do Rio de Janeiro. O jovem, de 28 anos, tinha um emprego formal, com carteira assinada até 2020.
Com a chegada da pandemia de covid-19, ele foi demitido e, desde então, tem que se virar como pode, para garantir o seu sustento e o de seu filho. Atualmente, vende mochilas que ficam expostas em uma lona para pessoas que transitam pela movimentada rua carioca.
“Tem dia que vende, tem dia que não vende. Tem dia que vende cinco, oito mochilas. Em outros, vende duas. É difícil, os guardas [municipais] querem pegar [apreender] as mochilas”, lamenta Guilherme.
A perda do emprego também o envolveu em uma situação que atinge hoje 66 milhões de brasileiros, segundo dados da Confederação Nacional de Dirigentes Lojistas (CNDL): o jovem não consegue pagar suas contas.
Sem uma fonte de renda estável, Guilherme não consegue saldar suas dívidas com o cartão de crédito. “Eu não tinha condições de pagar o banco. Fiz um cartão de crédito e não tinha dinheiro na hora pra pagar. Tenho dívidas com cartão de dois bancos”, conta. “Não tenho nenhum plano para conseguir pagar isso. Está difícil”.
A inadimplência, ou seja, as contas ou dívidas em atraso, atinge, segundo o CNDL, quatro entre dez brasileiros adultos.
O número de dívidas em atraso no Brasil, em abril deste ano, cresceu 18,42% em relação ao mesmo período do ano passado. A dívida com os bancos é, segundo o CNDL, o principal motivo da inadimplência: 63,8% do total.
E, assim como Guilherme, em média os brasileiros inadimplentes devem a duas empresas. Quase metade dos brasileiros na faixa etária a qual pertence o vendedor ambulante (25 a 29 anos) estão na inadimplência.
Rio de Janeiro (RJ), 23/05/2023 – O engraxate José Raimundo em seu ponto de trabalho, na Rua Uruguaiana, no centro da capital fluminense. Foto: Tomaz Silva/Agência Brasil
Mas não são apenas os jovens que enfrentam o problema, nem os bancos são a única fonte das dívidas difíceis de pagar. Seu José Raimundo, de 67 anos, também é autônomo. Trabalha há anos como engraxate, a poucos metros de onde Guilherme vende suas mochilas.
E assim como o colega vendedor, foi muito impactado pela pandemia. Ainda sem conseguir contar com uma aposentadoria – ele deu entrada no Benefício Assistencial ao Idoso, mas ainda não recebeu o aval da Previdência Social para receber o dinheiro – ele perdeu grande parte da clientela que usava seus serviços antes da covid-19.
“Só por causa da pandemia, fiquei quase dois anos em casa. Depois fiquei doente, sem poder fazer nada. Fiquei três anos e pouco sem trabalhar. E aí foi atrasando tudo. Minha mulher sozinha pagando tudo: água, luz, telefone. O que eu mais atrasei foi a conta de água. Na hora que sair o benefício [da Previdência], eu vou conversar com a concessionária e parcelar. Não quero ficar devendo nada a ninguém. Não tenho essa índole de mau pagador”, conta o engraxate que retomou recentemente seu ofício.
Três em quatro idosos com 65 a 84 anos estão com dívidas em atraso no país. Água e luz respondem por 11,1% das inadimplências, percentual parecido com o do comércio, que representa 11,6% das dívidas não pagas.
E a inadimplência não poupa nem quem tem emprego formal. Alessandro Gonçalves tem 30 anos e trabalha como porteiro em um prédio comercial no centro da cidade do Rio.
Todo mês, ele precisa fazer malabarismos para garantir que seu dinheiro supra suas necessidades diárias. E isso envolve atrasar o pagamento de algumas contas. “É aquela dificuldade rotineira. Você tem uma conta pra pagar e não consegue. Chega no final do mês, pega o dinheiro pra pagar a conta e não consegue. O salário nosso, a gente faz uma conta e, quando chega no final do mês, não dá pra pagar. E aí a gente tem que atrasar as contas”.
Foto: Marcello Casal Jr/Agência Brasil
Renda
Segundo Merula Borges, especialista em finanças da CNDL, a perda de renda é um dos motivos que levam as pessoas à inadimplência.
“Na pesquisa, quando as pessoas foram perguntadas sobre o motivo de elas terem entrado na inadimplência, elas disseram que tiveram perda de renda ou de si próprios, ou de alguém da família”, afirma Merula. “Isso é natural já que, quando a renda é menor, o espaço que os itens básicos ocupam no orçamento familiar é maior e as pessoas têm menos possibilidade de lidar com algum imprevisto que aconteça”.
Segundo a especialista, quem tem renda menor também precisa de mais disciplina financeira para evitar a inadimplência.
“Existe, sim, uma possibilidade de as pessoas se manterem adimplentes, apesar da renda mais baixa, mas é muito mais difícil. Então, o foco daquele que tem uma renda menor precisa ser em melhorar a qualificação, procurar cursos gratuitos, possibilidades de melhorar a própria renda para entrar em uma situação um pouco mais confortável”.
Merula diz que são necessárias políticas públicas que ajudem os brasileiros a saírem dessa situação de inadimplência. O governo federal prepara um programa, chamado Desenrola, que pretende renegociar até R$ 50 bilhões em dívidas de 37 milhões de pessoas físicas.
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