Quase um quarto do território brasileiro pegou fogo, ao menos uma vez, no período entre 1985 e 2023. Foram 199,1 milhões de hectares, o equivalente a 23% da extensão territorial brasileira.
Da área atingida por incêndio, 68,4% eram vegetação nativa, enquanto 31,6% tinham presença da atividade humana, notadamente a agropecuária. O Cerrado e a Amazônia são os principais biomas vítimas da ação do fogo, seja de origem natural ou provocada pelo homem. Juntos, são 86% da área queimada.
Os dados obtidos por meio de comparação de imagens de satélite fazem parte de um estudo divulgado nesta terça-feira (18) pelo MapBiomas Fogo, rede que envolve universidades, organizações não governamentais (ONGs) e empresas de tecnologia.
Pelas imagens de satélite, os pesquisadores conseguem analisar o tamanho e o padrão histórico das áreas incendiadas, mas não é possível apontar com certeza o que iniciou o fogo.
No entanto, a coordenadora do MapBiomas Fogo e diretora de Ciência do Instituto de Pesquisa Ambiental da Amazônia (Ipam), Ane Alencar, explicou à Agência Brasil que é possível chegar ao entendimento de que a maior parte das queimadas não tem origem natural, quando raios, principalmente, são iniciadores do fogo.
“A gente pode inferir que a grande maioria é incêndio causado ou iniciado pela atividade humana”, aponta a geógrafa.
O principal motivo para chegar à conclusão é o período em que acontece grande parte dos incêndios, que são concentrados em agosto e setembro.
“Onde queima mais, Cerrado, Amazônia, e, agora, infelizmente, no Pantanal, é período seco, período em que, provavelmente, é bastante difícil de acontecerem as descargas elétricas das tempestades”, detalha Ane Alencar.
A estação seca, entre julho e outubro, concentra 79% das ocorrências de área queimada no Brasil, sendo que setembro responde por um terço do total.
A coordenadora do MapBiomas afirma que a maior parte da vegetação nativa incendiada continua sem ocupação humana. “Um pequeno percentual das áreas que foram afetadas se torna, principalmente, área de pastagem.”
Quase metade (46%) da área queimada está concentrada em três estados: Mato Grosso, Pará e Maranhão. De cada 100 hectares queimados, 60 são em territórios particulares. Os três municípios que mais queimaram entre 1985 e 2023 foram Corumbá (MS), no Pantanal, seguido por São Felix do Xingu (PA), na Amazônia, e Formosa do Rio Preto (BA), no Cerrado.
O levantamento do MapBiomas mostra ainda que cerca de 65% da área afetada pelo fogo foi queimada mais de uma vez entre 1985 e 2023. Nesse período, a cada ano, em média 18,3 milhões de hectares – equivalente a uma área pouco menor que o estado de Sergipe – são afetados pelo fogo.
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